Name : Wahyu julianto
NM : A 320110043
Class : B
Ø Definition About Noun, Verb, and Adverb.
A. Noun
Noun is a word that can become subject or object.
Kinds of Noun :
1) Concrete Noun ( kata benda yang berwujud)
It is a noun that can be seen and can be touch.
examples :
i. Henry is clever.
ii. The table is broke.
iii. I buy a new hat.
iv. She has two cars.
v. We make a big cake.
Concrete noun consist of 4 kinds, there are :
ü Proper Noun
A noun that must be write a capital letter at first word.
Usually it is a name, town, country, school, and other place.
Examples :
a) Lisa is a student.
b) I went to Jogjakarta last week.
c) I study at Harvard University.
d) We will go to Singapore.
e) Andy is a good boy.
ü Common Noun
A noun that regular.
a) He is a teacher.
b) I will buy a book.
c) Please lend me a pen.
d) I kick the ball.
e) He is a doctor.
ü Material Noun
A noun that come from mining and standard material
Examples :
a) We get a new gold mine.
b) Taufik Hidayat got silver medallion in Olimpiade.
c) Indonesia has a lot of oil mine.
d) A cable made of from copper and rubber.
e) Indonesia have a lot of forest.
ü Collective Noun
A noun that have compound meaning
Examples :
a) The flock are seeking a food.
b) The parlement have a meeting.
c) The division have training in the forest.
d) The committee have breakfast together.
e) Good morning class.
2) Abstract Noun ( kata benda yang tak berwujud )
It is a noun that can’t be seen and cant be touch.
Contoh :
i. A national culture must we safe.
ii. The law in Indonesia is good.
iii. We must have good attitudes.
iv. We must obedient with this regulations.
v. The norm is very important.
3) Countable Noun
A Noun that can be count. Countable noun can be divide to two kinds, there are :
a. Singular (not more than one)
Examples :
i. He cross a river.
ii. He writes a letter.
iii. He reads a book.
iv. He buys a pen.
v. She jus study for a month.
b. Plural ( more than one )
Examples :
i. She has five books.
ii. The room just has six tables.
iii. They buy seven bananas.
iv. I have two sisters.
v. She has two pens.
4) Uncountable Noun
A noun that can’t be count, so we need measurement, pair of scales, meter, etc
Examples :
i. I want a cup of coffee.
ii. We need a piece of chalk.
iii. He buys a bottle of water.
iv. He eats a loaf of bread.
v. He buys one kilo of sugar.
B. Adverbs
An adverb is a part of speech. It is any word that modifies verbs or any part of speech other than a noun (modifiers of nouns are primarily adjectives and determiners). Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences, and other adverbs.
Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words (i.e., adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.
Adverbs in English
Adverbs are words like slowly, tomorrow, now, soon and suddenly. An adverb usually modifies a verb or a verb phrase. It provides information about the manner, place or circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase.
- She walked slowly. (Here the adverb slowly shows the manner in which she walked.)
- The kids are playing upstairs. (Here the adverb upstairs provides information about the place of the activity.)
- I did this
Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs.
- You are quite right. (Here the adverb quite modifies the adjective right.)
- She spoke quite loudly. (Here the adverb quite modifies another adverb – loudly.)
- She was beautiful.( beautiful is adjective )
- This bag so heavy. ( heavy is adjective )
- He is clever.
Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to adjectives. There are also adverbs that do not end with –ly:
- The athlete ran very fast so that he could set a new record.
- Asiyah worked hard to help her family.
- The students came late for the seminar.
- My sister performed well in the examination.
There are very many kinds of adverbs. Examples are: adverbs of manner, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of time, adverbs of place, adverbs of certainty etc.
In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives. For example, great yields greatly, and beautiful yields beautifully. (Note that some words that end in -ly, such as friendly and lovely, are not adverbs, but adjectives, in which case the root word is usually a noun. There are also underived adjectives that end in -ly, such as holy and silly.)
The suffix -ly is related to the German word Leiche, which means "corpse". (There is also an obsolete English word lych or lich with the same meaning.) Both words are also related to the word like. The connection between -ly and like is easy to understand. The connection to lich is probably that both are descended from an earlier word that meant something like "shape" or "form".[1] The use of like in the place of -ly as an adverb ending is seen in Appalachian English, from the hardening of the ch in "lich" into a k, originating in northern British speech.
In this way, -ly in English is cognate with the common German adjective ending -lich, the Dutch ending -lijk, the Dano-Norwegian -lig and Norwegian -leg. This same process is followed in Romance languages with the ending -mente, -ment, or -mense meaning "of/like the mind".
In some cases, the suffix -wise may be used to derive adverbs from nouns. Historically, -wise competed with a related form -ways and won out against it. In a few words, like sideways, -ways survives; words like clockwise show the transition. Again, it is not a foolproof indicator of a word being an adverb. Some adverbs are formed from nouns or adjectives by prepending the prefix a- (such as abreast, astray). There are a number of other suffixes in English that derive adverbs from other word classes, and there are also many adverbs that are not morphologically indicated at all.
Comparative adverbs include more, most, least, and less (in phrases such as more beautiful, most easily etc.).
The usual form pertaining to adjectives or adverbs is called the positive. Formally, adverbs in English are inflected in terms of comparison, just like adjectives. The comparative and superlative forms of some (especially single-syllable) adverbs that do not end in -ly are generated by adding -er and -est (She ran faster; He jumps highest). Others, especially those ending -ly, are periphrastically compared by the use of more or most (She ran more quickly) -- while some accept both forms, e.g. oftener and more often are both correct. Adverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, less, and least. Not all adverbs are comparable; for example in the sentence He wore red yesterday it does not make sense to speak of "more yesterday" or "most yesterday".
Adverbs as a "catch-all" category
Adverbs are considered a part of speech in traditional English grammar and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries. However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. Some would go so far as to call adverbs a "catch-all" category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech.
A more logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context. For example, a noun is a word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence:
The _____ is red. (For example, "The hat is red".)
When this approach is taken, it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories. For example, some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence, whereas others cannot. Even when a sentential adverb has other functions, the meaning is often not the same. For example, in the sentences She gave birth naturally and Naturally, she gave birth, the word naturally has different meanings. Naturally as a sentential adverb means something like "of course" and as a verb-modifying adverb means "in a natural manner". This "naturally" distinction demonstrates that the class of sentential adverbs is a closed class (there is resistance to adding new words to the class), whereas the class of adverbs that modify verbs isn't.
Words like very and particularly afford another useful example. We can say Perry is very fast, but not Perry very won the race. These words can modify adjectives but not verbs. On the other hand, there are words like here and there that cannot modify adjectives. We can say The sock looks good there but not It is a there beautiful sock. The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse this issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. However, this distinction can be useful, especially considering adverbs like naturally that have different meanings in their different functions. Huddleston distinguishes between a word and a lexicogrammatical-word.[2]
The category of adverbs into which a particular adverb falls is to some extent a matter of convention; and such conventions are open to challenge as English evolves. A particular category-breaking use may spread after its appearance in a book, song, or television show and become so widespread that it is eventually acknowledged as acceptable English.[citation needed] For example, "well" traditionally falls in a category of adverb that excludes its use as a modifier of an adjective, except where the adjective is a past-participle adjective like "baked". However, imitating characters in television shows,[citation needed] a growing number of English speakers (playfully or even without reflection[citation needed]) use "well" to modify non-past-participle adjectives, as in "That is well bad!" It is possible that this usage will one day become generally accepted. Similarly, other category-breaking uses of adverbs may, over time, move some English adverbs from a restricted adverbial class to a less-restricted one.[citation needed]
Not is an interesting case. Grammarians have a difficult time categorizing it, and it probably belongs in its own class[3][4]
Equative Adverb i. Used to describe the similarities between 2 objects or people ii. (E.g)
The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.
There are two main classes of verbs: (1) the large open class of lexical verbs (also known as main verbs or full verbs--that is, verbs that aren't dependent on other verbs); and (2) the small closed class of auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs). The two subtypes of auxiliaries are the primary auxiliaries (be, have, and do), which can also act as lexical verbs, and the modal auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would).
C. Verb
Verb is The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.
There are two main classes of verbs: (1) the large open class of lexical verbs (also known as main verbs or full verbs--that is, verbs that aren't dependent on other verbs); and (2) the small closed class of auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs). The two subtypes of auxiliaries are the primary auxiliaries (be, have, and do), which can also act as lexical verbs, and the modal auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would).
Verbs and verb phrases usually function as predicates. They can display differences in tense, mood, aspect, number, person, and voice. See "Observations," below.
We say that a verb is a part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. Generally, it makes more sense to define a verb by what it does than by what it is. Just as the "same" word (rain or snow, for example) can serve as either a noun or a verb, the same verb can play a number of different roles depending on how it's used.
Put simply, verbs move our sentences along in a variety of ways.
Here, by identifying 10 types of verbs, we'll briefly consider some of their more common functions as well. For additional examples and more detailed explanations of these verb forms and functions, follow the links to our Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms.
- Auxiliary Verbs and Lexical Verbs
An auxiliary verb (also know as a helping verb) determines the mood or tense of another verb in a phrase. The primary auxiliaries are be, have, and do. The modal auxiliaries include can, could, may, must, should, will, and would.
Examples :
i. It will rain tonight.
ii. I can help him.
iii. You must go to hospital.
iv. I could do this examination.
v. You may become a good man.
A lexical verb (also known as a full or main verb) is any verb in English that isn't an auxiliary verb: it conveys a real meaning and doesn't depend on another verb.
Examples :
i. It rained all night.
ii. I speak in English.
iii. I went to jogja.
iv. He kicks the ball.
v. She sings a song.
- Dynamic Verbs and Stative Verbs
A dynamic verb indicates an action, process, or sensation
Examples :
i. I bought a new guitar.
ii. I make a cake.
iii. He writes a letter.
iv. She reads a magazine.
v. My mother cooks a pizza.
A stative verb (such as be, have, know, like, own, and seem) describes a state, situation, or condition.
Examples :
i. Now, I own a Gibson Explorer.
ii. I know tour secret.
iii. It look like a horse.
iv. It is can seem.
v. She is can be seen.
- Finite Verbs and Nonfinite Verbs
A finite verb expresses tense and can occur on its own in a main clause.
Examples :
i. She walked to school.
ii. He painted a wall.
iii. He watered a flower.
iv. He played football.
v. She played tennis.
A nonfinite verb (an infinitive or participle) doesn't show a distinction in tense and can occur on its own only in a dependent phrase or clause.
Examples :
i. While walking to school, she spotted a bluejay.
ii. He’s repaired that broken clock.
iii. David loves to play the piano.
iv. Written in 1864, it soon became a classic.
v. Leave immediately when you are asked to do so.
- Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs
A regular verb (also known as a weak verb) forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed (or in some cases -t) to the base form: (See Forming the Past Tense of Regular Verbs.)
Examples :
i. We finished the project.
ii. She kissed the flower.
iii. He kicked this ball.
iv. My sister climbed the tree.
v. He walked alone.
An irregular verb (also known as a strong verb) doesn't form the past tense by adding -d or -ed: "Gus ate the wrapper on his candy bar." (See Introduction to Irregular Verbs in English.)
Examples :
i. She made a cake.
ii. I bought a new pen
iii. I went to jogja.
iv. They begun to write the letter
v. I saw a nice view.
- Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs
A transitive verb is followed by a direct object:
Examples :
i. He plays football.
ii. She writes a letter.
iii. We make a big cake.
iv. She reads a magazine.
v. He takes this place.
An intransitive verb doesn't take a direct object.
Examples :
i. Lita cries.
ii. She runs.
iii. We walk together.
iv. He sleeps in my room.
v. She sits in my chair.
